Clear, plain-language answers to the questions patients ask most.
Cancer occurs when cells in the body grow and divide in an uncontrolled way. This abnormal growth can form a mass called a tumor, or in blood cancers, affect the blood and bone marrow directly. Not all tumors are cancerous.
A biopsy is a procedure to remove a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope. It is typically recommended when imaging or blood tests suggest an abnormality that requires confirmation. A biopsy is usually required to diagnose cancer definitively.
NGS is a type of genetic test that analyzes the DNA of your tumor to identify specific mutations. These mutations can reveal whether targeted therapies or clinical trials may be appropriate for your case. NGS results are an important part of modern oncology care.
Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that helps your immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. It is used for many cancer types and is often guided by biomarkers such as PD-L1 expression. It is not chemotherapy and works differently in the body.
Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells. It can be given by mouth or intravenously and is often used in combination with other treatments. Side effects vary depending on the drugs used and the individual patient.
Clinical trials are research studies that test new treatments or new ways of using existing treatments. They are a critical way to advance cancer care and can offer patients access to cutting-edge therapies before they are widely available.
Eligibility depends on many factors, including your specific cancer type, stage, previous treatments, and overall health. A thorough review of your medical records and genomic testing is necessary to match you with appropriate trials.
A second opinion can confirm your diagnosis, ensure you are aware of all treatment options (including clinical trials), and provide peace of mind. It is a standard and encouraged practice in oncology, especially for complex or rare cases.
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